Notes Bundle

  🔹 Physical Constants Constant Symbol Value Speed of light c 3 × 10 8   m / s 3 \times 10^8 \, m/s 3 × 1 0 8 m / s Planck’s constant h 6.63 × 10 − 34   J ⋅ s 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \, J·s 6.63 × 1 0 − 34 J ⋅ s h c hc h c — 1242   e V ⋅ n m 1242 \, eV·nm 1242 e V ⋅ nm Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10 − 11   m 3 k g − 1 s − 2 6.67 \times 10^{-11} \, m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2} 6.67 × 1 0 − 11 m 3 k g − 1 s − 2 Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10 − 23   J / K 1.38 \times 10^{-23} \, J/K 1.38 × 1 0 − 23 J / K Molar gas constant R 8.314   J ⋅ m o l − 1 K − 1 8.314 \, J·mol^{-1} K^{-1} 8.314 J ⋅ m o l − 1 K − 1 Avogadro’s number N A N_A N A ​ 6.023 × 10 23   m o l − 1 6.023 \times 10^{23} \, mol^{-1} 6.023 × 1 0 23 m o l − 1 Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10 − 19   C 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \, C 1.602 × 1 0 − 19 C Permeability of vacuum μ 0 \mu_0 μ 0 ​ 4 π × 10 − 7   N / A 2 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \, N/A^2 4 π × 1 0 − 7 N / A 2 Permittivity of vacuum ϵ 0 \epsilon_0 ϵ 0 ​ 8.85 × 10 − 12   F / m 8.85 \times...

What is a Virus? The study of viruses is called Virology . Wendell Stanley , who first crystallized the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), is considered the Father of Virology . The word virus comes from Latin, meaning “poison.” Ancient diseases like smallpox and polio are considered prehistoric viral diseases. Living and Non-Living Nature of Viruses Viruses blur the line between life and non-life. Living property: They possess either DNA or RNA (never both). Non-living property: They can be crystallized outside a host. Viruses and Their Hosts Viruses infect almost every type of organism: Plants → Phytophage Bacteria → Bacteriophage Fungi → Mycophage Algae → Phycophage E. coli → Coliphage Cyanobacteria → Cyanophage Yeast → Zymophage Animals → Zoophage Viral Shapes Viruses come in diverse shapes: Brick-shaped → Smallpox virus Tadpole-shaped → Bacteriophage Bullet-shaped → Rabies virus Spherical → Influenza virus Rod-shaped ...